| |
Duration of First Infection |
Antiviral Treated |
Viral Subtypes |
Drug Resistance of First Virus |
Drug Resistance of Second Virus |
Risk Factors |
Location |
Reference |
| 1 |
<12 weeks |
No |
B after AE |
Unknown |
Unknown |
IDU |
Thailand |
Ramos, A., D. J. Hu, et al. (2002).
"Intersubtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection
following seroconversion to primary infection in two injection drug
users." J Virol 76(15):
7444-52. |
| 2 |
<44 weeks |
No |
AE after B |
Unknown |
Unknown |
IDU |
Thailand |
| 3 |
<152 weeks |
Yes, intermittent |
B after AE |
Wildtype |
Unknown |
MSM |
Switzerland |
Jost, S., M. C. Bernard, et al. (2002). "A
patient with HIV-1 superinfection." N Engl J Med 347(10): 731-6. |
| 4 |
<128 weeks |
Yes, intermittent |
B after A |
Unknown |
Unknown |
MSM |
Boston |
Altfeld, M., T. M. Allen, et al. (2002). "HIV-1
superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of
the primary virus." Nature
420(6914): 434-9. |
| 5 |
<16 weeks |
No |
B after B |
MDR |
Wildtype |
MSM |
San Diego |
Koelsch, K. K., D. M. Smith, et al. (2003).
"Clade B HIV-1 superinfection with wild-type virus after primary
infection with drug-resistant clade B virus." AIDS 17(7): F11-6. |
| 6 |
<52 weeks |
No |
B after B |
Drug resistance |
Wildtype |
MSM |
San Diego |
Smith, D., J. Wong, et al. (2004).
"Incidence of HIV superinfection following primary infection." JAMA 292(10): 1777-8. |
| 7 |
<52 weeks |
No |
B after B |
Wildtype |
Drug resistance |
MSM |
San Diego |
| 8 |
<40 weeks |
No |
B after B |
MDR |
MDR |
MSM |
Montreal |
Brenner, B., J. P. Routy, et al. (2004).
"Persistence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 in primary infection leading
to superinfection." AIDS
18(12): 1653-1660. |
| 9 |
84-432 weeks |
No |
AC after A |
Unknown |
Unknown |
FSW |
Nairobi |
Fang, G., B. Weiser, et al. (2004).
"Recombination following superinfection by HIV-1." AIDS 18: 153-159. |
| 10 |
<104 weeks |
No |
B after CRF-11 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
IDU |
Switzerland |
Yerly, S., S. Jost, et al. (2004).
"HIV-1 co/super-infection in intravenous drug users." AIDS 18: 1413-1421. |
| 11 |
<260 weeks |
No |
CRF-11 after B |
Unknown |
Unknown |
IDU |
Switzerland |
| 12 |
<156 weeks |
No |
CRF-11 after B |
Unknown |
Unknown |
IDU |
Switzerland |
| 13 |
131-177 weeks |
No |
B after B |
Wildtype |
Possible NNRTI resistance |
MSM |
San
Francisco |
Grant,
R. M., J. McConnell, et al. (2005). "Higher frequency of apparent HIV-1
superinfection -- sequentially expressed dual infection (SEDI) -- in recent
infection compared to chronic infection." 12th CROI. |
| 14 |
16-44 weeks |
No |
B after B |
Wildtype |
Wildtype |
MSM |
San
Francisco |
| 15 |
29-39 weeks |
No |
B after B |
Wildtype |
Wildtype |
MSM |
San
Francisco |
| 16 |
43-53 weeks |
No |
B after B |
MDR |
Wildtype |
MSM |
San
Francisco |
| 17 |
38-55 weeks |
No |
A after D |
Unknown |
Unknown |
FSW |
Kenya |
Chohan, B., L. Lavreys, et al. (2005).
"Evidence for Frequent Reinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Type 1 of a Different Subtype." J Virol 79(16): 10701-10708. |
| 18 |
43-84 weeks |
No |
CA after C |
Unknown |
Unknown |
FSW |
Kenya |
| 19 |
14-69 weeks |
No |
A after D |
Unknown |
Unknown |
FSW |
Kenya |
| 20 |
<120 weeks |
Unknown |
AE and B after B |
Unknown |
Unknown |
MSM |
Netherlands |
Van der Kuyl, A., K. Kozaczynska, et al. (2005).
"Triple HIV-1 infection." N Eng J Med 352(24): 2557-2559. |
| 21 |
624 weeks |
Yes, intermittent |
B after B |
Wildtype |
NRTI resistance |
IDU |
Spain |
Pernas, M., C. Casado, et al. (2006). "A dual
superinfection and recombination within HIV-1 subtype B 12 years after
primoinfection." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(1): 12-8. |
| IDU = intravenous-drug user; MSM = men who
have sex with men; MDR = multidrug resistance; FSW = female sex workers;
NNRTI = nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
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