| Study | Cohort | Persons | Possible Superinfection | Person-years | Subjects | Reference | ||||||||
| Boston | Unknown | Unknown | 1 | Unknown | Unknown | Altfeld, M., T. M. Allen, et al. (2002). "HIV-1 superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of the primary virus." Nature 420(6914): 434-9. | ||||||||
| Switzerland | Clinic cohort | 1 | 1 | 3 | Dual viral rebound during STI | Jost, S., M. C. Bernard, et al. (2002). "A patient with HIV-1 superinfection." N Engl J Med 347(10): 731-6. | ||||||||
| Thailand | Recently infected IDU | 130 | 2 | Unknown | Entire cohort | Ramos, A., D. J. Hu, et al. (2002). "Intersubtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection following seroconversion to primary infection in two injection drug users." J Virol 76(15): 7444-52. | ||||||||
| Stanford Hospital | Clinic cohort | 718 | 0 | 1072 | Sample availability | Gonzales, M. J., E. Delwart, et al. (2003). "Lack of detectable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection during 1072 person-years of observation." J Infect Dis 188(3): 397-405. | ||||||||
| San Diego | Recently infected | Unknown | 1 | Unknown | Unknown | Koelsch, K. K., D. M. Smith, et al. (2003). "Clade B HIV-1 superinfection with wild-type virus after primary infection with drug-resistant clade B virus." AIDS 17(7): F11-6. | ||||||||
| San Diego | Recently infected | 54 | 2 | 46 | Antiretroviral-naïve for at least 6 months after diagnosis | Smith, D., J. Wong, et al. (2004). "Incidence of HIV Superinfection Following Primary Infection." JAMA 292(10): 1777-8. | ||||||||
| Urban Health Study | IDU | 37 | 0 | 215 | Entire cohort | Tsui, R., B. L. Herring, et al. (2004). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection was not detected following 215 years of injection drug user exposure." J Virol 78(1): 94-103. | ||||||||
| Positive Partners Study | Highly exposed MSM | 103 | 0 | 332 | Entire cohort | Grant, R., J. M. McConnell, et al. (2004). "No superinfection among seroconcordant couples after well-defined exposure." 15th International AIDS Conference. | ||||||||
Quebec Primary Infection |
Recently infected | 31 | 1 | 47-217 | Entire cohort | Brenner, B., J. P. Routy, et al. (2004). "Persistence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 in primary infection leading to superinfection." AIDS 18(12): 1653-1660. | ||||||||
| Cleveland | Highly exposed seroconcordant MSM and IDU couples | 32 | 0 | 32-128 | Entire cohort | Chakraborty, B., L. Valer, et al. (2004). "Failure to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection in 28 HIV-seroconcordant individuals with high risk of reexposure to the virus." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 20(9): 1026-31. | ||||||||
| Nairobi | Highly exposed FSW | 7 | 1 | Unclear | Long-term survivors, detectable viral loads, and antiretroviral-naïve | Fang, G., B. Weiser, et al. (2004). "Recombination following superinfection by HIV-1." AIDS 18: 153-159. | ||||||||
| San Francisco | Recently infected | 104 | 2 | 192 | Antiretroviral-naïve for at least 6 months after diagnosis | Grant, R. M., J. J. McConnell, J. L. Marcus, C. Kreis, G. Spotts, T. Liegler, et al. (2005). "Higher frequently of apparent HIV-1 superinfection -- sequentially expressed dual infection -- in recent infection compared to chronic infection." 12th CROI. | ||||||||
| Kenya | Recently infected FSW | 20 | 3 | 70 | Initially infected with non-A subtypes | Chohan, B., L. Lavreys, et al. (2005). "The biology of HIV-1 transmission and re-infection." 12th CROI. | ||||||||
| TOTAL | 1,237 | 14 | 2009-2275 | |||||||||||